Tools
Free, no signup, nothing emailed to you. Each tool documents its assumptions on the page.
Calculators
How these differ from a vendor's calculator
Most water treatment calculators are lead capture with arithmetic attached. They ask for an email before showing a result, and the result reliably recommends the product the site sells.
These do not ask for anything and are not attached to a product. Every one of them will tell you that you need nothing, if that is what your numbers say — the softener sizing tool refuses to recommend a softener at all when iron is above 3 mg/L, because at that level a softener is the wrong machine.
The arithmetic is also published rather than hidden. Every constant the tools use — the 17.1 mg/L per grain conversion, the 4 gpg of load per ppm of iron, the drawdown factors, the salt efficiency figure — is listed with its reasoning, so you can check the working or disagree with an assumption.
Which one to start with
If you have a lab report, the water test interpreter — it reads every result at once and tells you which stages your water actually needs, in installation order. Everything else on this list answers a narrower question.
If you have no test yet, start from the symptom instead. The diagnostic pages get you to a likely cause, and that tells you what to ask the lab for.